Palm wine also called Palm Toddy also called "Kallu" written in Malayalam (കള്ള്) and கள்ளு in Tamil or simply Toddy is an alcoholic beverage
Alcoholic beverage
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption...
created from the sap
Sap
Sap may refer to:* Plant sap, the fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant* Sap , a village in the Dunajská Streda District of Slovakia...
of various species of palm tree such as the palmyra
Borassus
, and coconut palms
Coconut
. This drink is common in various parts of Asia
Asia
and Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, and goes by various names, such as emu and oguro in Nigeria
Nigeria
, nsamba in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
, nsafufuo in Ghana
Ghana
, kallu in South India
South India
, tuak in North Sumatra
North Sumatra
, Indonesia
Indonesia
, goribon (Rungus) in Sabah
Sabah
, Borneo
Borneo
, and tuba in the Philippines
Philippines
, Borneo
Borneo
and Mexico
Mexico
. In the Philippines, tubâ refers both to the freshly harvested sweetish sap and the one with the red lauan-tree tan bark colorant. In Leyte
Leyte
Leyte is a province of the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is Tacloban City and occupies the northern three-quarters of the Leyte Island. Leyte is located west of Samar Island, north of Southern Leyte and south of Biliran...
, the red tuba is aged for up to one to two years such that an echoing ring is made when a glass container is tapped; this type of tubâ is called bahalina. Toddy is also consumed in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
and Myanmar
Myanmar
. Production of palm wine has contributed to the endangered status of some palm species such as the Chilean wine palm
Jubaea
(Jubaea chilensis).
Tapping
The sap is extracted and collected by a tapper. Typically the sap is collected from the cut flower of the palm tree. A container is fastened to the flower stump to collect the sap. The white liquid that initially collects tends to be very sweet and non-alcohol
Alcoholic beverage
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption...
ic before it is fermented
Fermentation (food)
. An alternate method is the felling of the entire tree. Where this is practiced, a fire is sometimes lit at the cut end to facilitate the collection of sap. Palm wine tapping is mentioned in the novel Things Fall Apart
Things Fall Apart
by the Nigeria
Nigeria
n writer Chinua Achebe
Chinua Achebe
and is central to the plot of the groundbreaking novel The Palm Wine Drinkard by Nigerian author Amos Tutuola
Amos Tutuola
Amos Tutuola was a Nigerian writer famous for his books based in part on Yoruba folk-tales.- Early history :Tutuola was born in Abeokuta, Nigeria, in 1920, where his parents Charles and Esther were Yoruba Christian cocoa farmers. When about 7 years old, he became a servant for F.O...
.
In parts of India, the unfermented sap is called neera
Neera
Neera, also called Sweet Toddy or Palm Nectar is a sap extracted from Inflorescence of various species of Toddy palms. It is sweet, oyster white, and translucent. It is widely consumed in India, Srilanka, Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar...
(padaneer in Tamil Nadu) and is refrigerated, stored and distributed by semi-government agencies. A little lime
Lime (mineral)
Lime is a general term for calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is also the name for a single mineral of the CaO composition, occurring very rarely...
is added to the sap to prevent it from fermenting. Neera is said to contain many nutrients including potash. Palm sap begins fermenting immediately after collection, due to natural yeast
Yeast
s in the air (often spurred by residual yeast left in the collecting container). Within two hours, fermentation yields an aromatic wine
Wine
of up to 4% alcohol content, mildly intoxicating and sweet. The wine may be allowed to ferment longer, up to a day, to yield a stronger, more sour and acidic taste, which some people prefer. Longer fermentation produces vinegar
Vinegar
instead of stronger wine. Tamil Sangam literature contains many references to Toddy (kallu) and Tirukkuṛaḷ
Tirukkuṛaḷ
Tirukkuṛaḷ , sometimes spelt 'Thirukkural, is a classic of couplets or Kurals or aphorisms celebrated by Tamils. It was authored by Thiruvalluvar, a poet who is said to have lived anytime between the 2nd and 6th centuries AD. Although the exact period of its composition is still disputed,...
contains a chapter on "Abhorrence of Toddy".
Phoenix sylvestris
(Phoenix sylvestris), the palmyra
Borassus
, and the jaggery
Jaggery
Jaggery is a traditional unrefined non-centrifugal whole cane sugar consumed in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. It is a concentrated product of cane juice without separation of the molasses and crystals, and can vary from golden brown to dark brown in color...
palm (Caryota urens
Caryota urens
), or from oil
Palm oil
Palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil are edible plant oils derived from the fruits of palm trees. Palm oil is extracted from the pulp of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis; palm kernel oil is derived from the kernel of the oil palm and coconut oil is derived from the kernel of the...
palm such as the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineense) or from Raffia palm
Raffia palm
s , kithul palms, or nipa
Nypa fruticans
palms. In India and South Asia, coconut
Coconut
palms and Palmyra palms such as the Arecaceae
Arecaceae
and Borassus
Borassus
are preferred. In southern Africa
Southern Africa
, palm wine (ubusulu) is produced in Maputaland, an area in the south of Mozambique
Mozambique
between the Lobombo mountains and the Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
. It is mainly produced from the lala palm (Hyphaene
Hyphaene
coriacea) by cutting the stem and collecting the sap. In part of central and western Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
, palm wine is called malafu. There are four types of palm wine in the central and southern DRC. From the oil palm comes ngasi, dibondo comes from the raffia palm
Raffia palm
, cocoti from the coconut palm, and mahusufrom a short palm which grows in the savannah areas of western Bandundu
Bandundu
and Kasai
Kasai region
The Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is divided administratively into Kasai-Occidental and Kasai-Oriental. It shares its name with the Kasai River....
provinces.
In Tuvalu
Tuvalu
, the process of making toddy can clearly be seen with tapped palm trees that line Funafuti International Airport
Funafuti International Airport
Funafuti International Airport is an airport located in Funafuti, capital of the island nation of Tuvalu.-History:Funafuti Airport was built by United States Navy Seabee construction battalions in 1943 during World War II. The military airfield included an airstrip, control tower, facilities and...
.
In some areas of India, palm wine is evaporated
Evaporation
to produce the unrefined sugar called jaggery
Jaggery
Jaggery is a traditional unrefined non-centrifugal whole cane sugar consumed in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. It is a concentrated product of cane juice without separation of the molasses and crystals, and can vary from golden brown to dark brown in color...
.
Distilled
Palm wine may be distilled
Distillation
to create a stronger drink, which goes by different names depending on the region (e.g., arrack, village gin, charayam, and country whiskey). Throughout Nigeria, this is commonly called ogogoro
Ogogoro
Ogogoro is a west African alcoholic drink, usually brewed locally. It is most popular in Nigeria, where it is known as the country's homebrew...
. In parts of southern Ghana
Ghana
distilled palm wine is called akpeteshi
Akpeteshie
Akpeteshie is a home-made alcoholic spirit produced in Ghana and other West African nations by distilling palm wine or sugar cane juice. Other names for this drink are: apio, ogogro sorabi, keley and hot or 'hot drink'...
or burukutu. In Togo it is called sodabe, while in the Philippines it is called lambanog.
Social role
In India, palm wine or toddy is served as either neera
Neera
Neera, also called Sweet Toddy or Palm Nectar is a sap extracted from Inflorescence of various species of Toddy palms. It is sweet, oyster white, and translucent. It is widely consumed in India, Srilanka, Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar...
or padaneer (a sweet, non-alcoholic beverage derived from fresh sap) or kallu (a sour beverage made from fermented sap, but not as strong as wine). Kallu is usually drunk soon after fermentation by the end of day, as it becomes more sour and acidic day by day. The drink, like vinegar
Vinegar
in taste, is considered to have a short-lived shelf life
Shelf life
Shelf life is the length of time that food, drink, medicine, chemicals, and many other perishable items are given before they are considered unsuitable for sale, use, or consumption...
. However, it may be refrigerated to extend its life.
In Karnataka
Karnataka
, India, palm wine is usually available at toddy shop
Toddy shop
A toddy shop is a drinking establishment common in parts of India where palm toddy, a mildly alcoholic beverage made from the sap of palm trees, is served along with food....
s (known as Kalitha Gadang in Tulu
Tulu language
The Tulu language |?]]]) is a Dravidian language spoken by 1.95 million native speakers mainly in the southwest part of Indian state Karnataka known as Tulu Nadu. In India, 1.72 million people speak it as their mother tongue , increased by 10 percent over the 1991 census...
, Kallu Dukanam in Telugu
Telugu language
, Kallu Angadi in Kannada or "Liquor Shop" in English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
). In Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
, this beverage is currently banned, though the legality fluctuates with politics. In the absence of legal toddy, moonshine
Moonshine
Moonshine is an illegally produced distilled beverage...
distillers of arrack often sell methanol
Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH . It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to, but slightly sweeter than, ethanol...
-contaminated alcohol, which can have lethal consequences. To discourage this practice, authorities have pushed for inexpensive "Indian Made Foreign Liquor
Indian Made Foreign Liquor
Indian Made Foreign Liquor, often abbreviated IMFL, is a term used to denote western-style hard liquors such as whisky, rum, vodka, etc., which are manufactured in India...
" (IMFL), much to the dismay of toddy tappers.
In the state of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
(India), toddy is a popular drink in rural parts. The kallu is collected, distributed and sold by the people of a particular caste
Caste
Caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of endogamy, occupation, culture, social class, tribal affiliation and political power. It should not be confused with race or social class, e.g. members of different castes in one society may belong to the same race, as in India...
called Goud
Goud
The Goud are caste found mostly in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Maharastra. Gouds were involved in soma development in ancient days.-Origin:...
or Gamalla or Goundla. It is a big business in the cities of those districts.
In villages, people drink it every day after work.
There are two main types of kallu in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
, namely Thadi Kallu (from Toddy Palmyra trees) and Eetha Kallu (from shorter date palms, under 15 feet tall). Eetha Kallu is very sweet and less intoxicating, whereas Thati Kallu is stronger (sweet in the morning, becoming sour to bitter-sour in the evening) and is highly intoxicating. People enjoy kallu right at the trees where it is brought down. They drink out of leaves by holding them to their mouths while the Goud pours the kallu from the binki (kallu pot). There are different types of toddy (kallu) according to the season: 1. poddathadu, 2. parpudthadu, 3. pandudthadu, and 4. mogadthadu.
Palm wine plays an important role in many ceremonies in parts of Nigeria such as among the Igbo
Igbo people
(or Ibo) peoples, and elsewhere in central and western Africa. Guests at weddings, birth celebrations, and funeral wakes are served generous quantities. Palm wine is often infused with medicinal herbs to remedy a wide variety of physical complaints. As a token of respect to deceased ancestors, many drinking sessions begin with a small amount of palm wine spilled on the ground (Kulosa malafu in Kikongo ya Leta). Palm wine is enjoyed by men and women, although women usually drink it in less public venues.
Culinary use
In the Indian state of Kerala
Kerala
, toddy is used in leavening (as a substitute for yeast) a local form of hopper called the vellai Appam
Appam
Appam, Aappam hoppers, are a type of food in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan cuisine. It is called chitau Pitha in Oriya, Paddu or Gulle Eriyappa in Kodava. It is known as ආප්ප in Sinhala. It is eaten most frequently for breakfast or dinner.Appum or aapum – pronunciation varies between regions...
, a staple among the Nasrani Christians. Toddy is mixed with rice dough and left over night to aid in fermentation and expansion of the dough causing the dough to rise overnight, making the bread soft when prepared.
In Kerala, toddy is sold under a licence issued by the excise department and it is an industry having more than 50,000 employees with a welfare board under the labour department. It is also used in the preparation of a soft variety of Idli, which is famous in the parts of Karnataka
Karnataka
and Goa
Goa
in India
India
Consumption by animals
Some small pollinating mammals consume large amounts of fermented palm nectar as part of their diet, especially the southeast Asian pen-tailed treeshrew
Pen-tailed Treeshrew
. The infloresences of the bertam palm contain populations of yeast
Yeast
which ferment the nectar in the flowers to up to 3.8% alcohol (average: 0.6%). The treeshrews metabolize the alcohol very efficiently and do not appear to become drunk from the fermented nectar.
Names
There are a variety of regional names for Palm wine:
State / Territory / Region | Name used |
---|---|
তাড়ি taṛi, তাড়ু taṛu | |
Tuk tnout choo | |
mimbo, matango, mbuh | |
panam culloo | |
malafu ya ngasi (Kikongo) | |
toutou | |
singer | |
doka, nsafufuo, palm wine, yabra | |
tuba | |
kaLLu-ಕಳ್ಳು(Karnataka), Thati kallu తాటి కల్లు (Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
| |
tuak in Indonesia. Especially in Batak
Batak (Indonesia)
North Sumatra
| |
lāgbi ˈlaːɡbi. Used for both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic form. | |
bandji, sibiji, chimichama | |
kallu (கள்ளு), nira (Malay for fresh juice obtained from the blossom of the coconut, palm or sugar-palm, which can be made into sugar or the said palm wine, which is called tuak in Sarawak), toddy (English), bahar (Kadazan/Dusun), goribon (Rungus) | |
Dhoaraa, Rukuraa, Meeraa | |
htan yay | |
tuba (garnished with peanuts) | |
palm-wine, palmy, ukọt nsuñ, mmin efik, emu, oguro, tombo liquor, mmaya ngwo | |
segero, tuak | |
tubâ, lambanog (distilled tubâ), bahal (Visaya) | |
ubusulu | |
kalou | |
poyo | |
raa (රා), kallu (கள்ளு) | |
tuaka and tua mutin, brandy is called tua sabu | |
Toddy, pot gin | |
rượu dừa; ruou dua ; coconut wine | |
See also
- Palm-wine musicPalm-wine musicPalm-wine music is a West African musical genre. It evolved among the Kru people of Sierra Leone and Liberia, who used Portuguese guitars brought by sailors, combining local melodies and rhythms with Trinidadian calypso and soca music..., a West African musical genre.
- TuakTuakTuak is an alcoholic beverage made of fermented rice, yeast and sugar and drank in parts of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Sulawesi, Penang Islands, Borneo and East Malaysia. In these areas it is often referred to as rice wine..., an alcoholic beverage made of fermented rice, yeast and sugar.
- Madurai Veeran, a deity who consumes toddy.
- Sree Muthappan, another deity who consumes toddy.
External links
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
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